What type of receptor is glucocorticoid receptor?
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, or GCR) also known as NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind. The GR is expressed in almost every cell in the body and regulates genes controlling the development, metabolism, and immune response.
What does the glucocorticoid receptor gene do?
Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modulator of other transcription factors. Affects inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues.
Which superfamily does the glucocorticoid receptor belong to?
The Glucocorticoid Receptor. The GR mediates the actions of GCs in cells. It belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) and is a 97 kDa protein that is constitutively and ubiquitously expressed throughout the body (51).
What regulates the expression of glucocorticoid receptors?
GR expression is regulated by a number of different agents including factors which act through a second messenger pathway. This allows the cell to control glucocorticoid regulated gene expression through a complex but integrated hormonal network.
How is the glucocorticoid receptor activated?
Glucocorticoid-activated GR regulates gene expression in 3 primary ways: binding directly to DNA (A), tethering itself to other DNA-bound transcription factors (B), or binding directly to DNA and interacting with neighboring DNA-bound transcription factors (C).
What is glucocorticoid function?
Glucocorticoids are powerful medicines that fight inflammation and work with your immune system to treat wide range of health problems. Your body actually makes its own glucocorticoids. These hormones have many jobs, such as controlling how your cells use sugar and fat and curbing inflammation.
Is the glucocorticoid receptor a transcription factor?
FACTORS THAT MODULATE GR ACTIONS, B. Epigenetic Modulation of GRa, Phosphorylation). In addition to translocating into the nucleus, GRa was reported to shuttle into mitochondria upon ligand activation and to stimulate mitochondrial gene expression by binding to their own DNA (66) (Figure 8).
Where is the glucocorticoid receptor expressed?
Human GRa is expressed virtually in all organs and tissues, resides primarily in the cytoplasm, and represents the classic glucocorticoid receptor that functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor.
How do glucocorticoids enter the cell?
Steroids enter the target cell by passive diffusion, where they bind to the cognate receptor (MR). This binding leads to a conformational change in the receptor and its dissociation from the inhibitory hetero-oligomeric structure.
Where is glucocorticoids produced in the body?
Glucocorticoids are cholesterol-derived steroid hormones synthesised and secreted by the adrenal gland. They are anti-inflammatory in all tissues, and control metabolism in muscle, fat, liver and bone.
What is glucocorticoid signaling?
Introduction. Glucocorticoid hormones are chemical messengers that signal via alterations of gene expression in cells expressing cognate receptors. Nuclear receptors are an evolutionarily conserved class of transcription factors that regulate gene expression in a cell type-specific and context-dependent manner.
Where are glucocorticoids expressed?
cytoplasm
Human GRa is expressed virtually in all organs and tissues, resides primarily in the cytoplasm, and represents the classic glucocorticoid receptor that functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor.